Alprazolam Powder Solubility

[BenzoBay]

MrMoss........Your not thee god, however you ARE a god!

Thanks

-Dutch

 

[Morphinator]

MrMoss:

Temazepam isn't only a problem in the UK. It's also a major problem in Australia, Ireland, NZ and many parts of Asia. Its also a problem in some other european countries besides the UK and Ireland.

Temazepam has somewhat of a "dark past" compared to all other benzos, in its early days after it was synthesized, it was used for some sinister purposes by governments.

This is from wikipedia on temazepam (and its all sourced - the temazepam article on wiki is very reliable and almost every sentence or every other sentence has scientific references):

Temazepam first came into use in 1969, and by the year 1981, the Food and Drug Administration approved temazepam as a sedative-hypnotic for the treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders under the trade name Restoril. Its powerful sedative and amnesic effects got the attention of several Secret Intelligence agencies, especially the former Soviet Union. It was utilized as a truth serum during interrogations because of its strong hypnotic properties. Given to the subject, temazepam weakens the resolve of the subject and makes him or her more compliant to pressure. As a truth serum, temazepam was not often used. It was mainly utilized by the Soviet Union and East Germany in the 1970's during the Cold War. It also saw limited use as a truth serum in some parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia. The preferred drugs used as truth serums were, and still are barbiturates, particularly sodium thiopental (Sodium Pentothal). Temazepam was also one of several drugs used in the research of mind control, brainwashing and mass-scale social engineering by Secret Intelligence agencies of several different federal governments. Other drugs used for this same purpose were, barbiturates, morphine, LSD, amphetamines, and neuroleptics. In former Soviet Union, temazepam was extensively used, along with other drugs like haloperidol (Haldol), thorazine, barbiturates, and morphine to keep political dissidents housed in psikhushkas (mental asylums and psychiatric hospitals) in a constant vegetative state.

O'Neal, Maryadele J. Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Merck. October 18, 2006.

Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (1994). The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia - Past, Present, and Future.

Sidney Bloch and Peter Reddaway (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse: The Shadow over World Psychiatry. London: Victor Gollancz.

It then continues:

By the late 1980's, temazepam was one of the most effective hypnotics on the market and it became one of the most widely prescribed drugs for insomnia and other sleep disorders. With that however, the abuse of temazepam became widespread in much of Europe, East and Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. It quickly superseded other benzodiazepines like diazepam (Valium) and nitrazepam (Mogadon), which were also commonly diverted to the black market and abused by drug seekers. In North America, its abuse did not become as widespread as it did elsewhere in the world due to the fact that triazolam and flurazepam were by far the most commonly prescribed hypnotic benzodiazepines. Diazepam, alprazolam, and lorazepam, though not hypnotics and aren't usually indicated for sleep, were also more widely prescribed to patients having trouble sleeping then was temazepam. It was not until the mid to late 1990's that temazepam became more widely prescribed in the United States.

Prescription Drugs: Their Use and Abuse (PDF). Scholastic Corporation and National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH.

IT CONTINUES.....

Until recently, temazepam was produced as a gel-filled capsule intended to be taken orally. However, it gained notoriety in Europe, especially in United Kingdom and Scotland, when it was discovered that if the capsules were melted and injected, the effects were more powerful and the onset was quicker. However, the liquid has a tendency to congeal in arteries and cause thrombosis and gangrene, in some cases requiring amputation. Despite the risks, injection of temazepam quickly spread throughout some parts Europe and then to Australia, New Zealand, and many parts of Asia. In Malaysia, nimetazepam is the only benzodiazepine that's more commonly abused or sought after by drug seekers than temazepam according to government data and seizures made by police. To curb the diversion of temazepam into the black market and stop abuse, many countries have placed temazepam under more strict drug schedules. In Australia, instead of being a Schedule 4 drug like all other benzodiazepines, temazepam is placed in Schedule 8, along side drugs like morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate (Ritalin). In the United Kingdom, temazepam (and flunitrazepam) is a Class B drug, meanwhile all other benzodiazepines are Class C, a much less restrictive category. In the United States, temazepam is the only benzodiazepine which requires specially coded prescriptions in certain states. Despite the much more stringent restrictions put on temazepam compared to most other benzodiazepines, temazepam remains to be the most sought after and abused benzodiazepine worldwide with more kilograms of diverted temazepam being seized than any other benzodiazepine, followed by flunitrazepam, diazepam, nimetazepam, and then nitrazepam. Pharmacy burglaries and prescription forgeries in Scotland, Australia, Ireland, Sweden, and several Asian countries report that temazepam is often a main target, whilst other benzodiazepines are rarely targeted.

Woody GE; Mc Lellan AT O'Brien CP (1979). "Development of psychiatric illness in drug abusers. Possible role of drug preference". The New England journal of medicine 301 (24): 1310-4.

Duddu V, Saleem PT, Green K (2003). "Sedative-hypnotic prescription in an out-patient mental health service in the north-west". Clinical Governance 8 (1): 65-8.

Rasanen I, Neuvonen M, Ojanperä I, Vuori E (2000). "Benzodiazepine findings in blood and urine by gas chromatography and immunoassay". Forensic Sci. Int. 112 (2-3): 191–200.

Australian Institute of Criminology (May 2007). Benzodiazepine use and harms among police detainees in Australia (PDF). Australian Government.

 

[Morphinator]

I do not think it's purely statistically based that temazepam is the most toxic benzo. The UK study was not the only study that concluded temazepam was more toxic than other benzos.

I also posted the Swedish study findings which basically concluded the same thing: Temazepam can more easily kill you than other benzodiazepines, and often does. The british study said that the hypnotics as a whole were much more toxic than other benzos - the hypnotics they mentioned were temazepam, flunitrazepam, nitrazepam, flurazepam, midazolam, and triazolam. Among the hypnotics, temazepam was found to be the most toxic.

It also stated, and I quote: "Oxazepam had the lowest toxicity profile of all benzodiazepines. Others with low toxicity profiles were diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam, bromazepam, and clonazepam."


In the Swedish study, they concluded that "flunitrazepam, nitrazepam, and temazepam were significantly more toxic than other benzodiazepines."

Australian studies basically concluded the same. quote from the Aussi finding:

Nitrazepam, and especially temazepam were the benzodiazepines most commonly detected in overdose related drug deaths in an Australian study of drug deaths. The two benzodiazepines were found to be the sole cause of death in one third of cases.


Drummer OH; Ranson DL (Dec 1996). "Sudden death and benzodiazepines". Am J Forensic Med Pathol 17 (4): 336-42.

 

[Morphinator]

Temazepam being abused the most (or one of the most - at least top 2 or 3) among the benzos might have to do with the fact that it actually induces euphoria:

CNS depression typical of hypnotic benzodiazepine are common and include, somnolence, dizziness, fatigue, ataxia, headache, lethargy, impairment of memory, impairment of motor functions, slurred speech, decreased physical performance, numbed emotions, reduced alertness, muscle weakness, blurred vision, and inattention. Euphoria, which is very uncommon among the vast majority of benzodiazepines, was consistently reported with the use of temazepam. According to the FDA, temazepam had the highest incidences of euphoria among the few benzodiazepines that reported it during clinical trials. Unpleasant dreams and rebound insomnia have also been reported. High levels of confusion, clumsiness also occurs after administration of temazepam. Increased reaction time, co-ordination problems and impaired learning and memory.

Liljequist R; Mattila MJ (May 1979). "Acute effects of temazepam and nitrazepam on psychomotor skills and memory". Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 44 (5): 364-9.

Viukari M; Linnoila M, Aalto U (Jan 1978 ). "Efficacy and side effects of flurazepam, temazepam, and nitrazepam as sleeping aids in psychogeriatric patients". Acta Psychiatr Scand 57 (1): 27-35.

Temazepam Official FDA information, side effects and uses. (Food and Drug Administration)

Some other facts regarding abuse:

In Australia, temazepam accounts for most benzodiazepine sought by forgery of prescriptions and through pharmacy burglary. Pharmacists and their staff often encounter aggressive and threatening behaviour from people seeking temazepam. There were 537 burglaries on Victoria's 1200 pharmacies from 1 January to 30 August 2001, including 'ram raids' (using stolen cars to smash through windows). Temazepam appears to be the main target in many pharmacy burglaries. Temazepam is sought in 85% of all reported benzodiazepine forgeries.

SOURCE:

Victorian Governmant Health Information (29 March, 2007). Link to the actual Australian Government site with the data

OTHERS:

In Northern Ireland in cases where drugs were found in tests on impaired drivers who had low alcohol readings but were suspected of driving under the influence of drugs benzodiazepines were found to be present in 87% of cases, with temazepam accounting for the vast majority of cases.


Cosbey SH (Dec 1986). "Drugs and the impaired driver in Northern Ireland: an analytical survey". Forensic Sci Int. 32 (4): 245-58.

Regulation issues:

Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) and Temazepam (Restoril) are treated more severely under Federal law than other benzodiazepines. For example, despite being Schedule IV like any other benzodiazepine, flunitrazepam is not commercially available in the United States. It also carries tougher Federal penalties for trafficking and possession than other Schedule IV drugs. With the exception of cases involving 5 grams or more of cocaine or morphine, flunitrazepam is the only controlled substance whose first-offense simple possession is a federal felony. In Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, temazepam and flunitrazepam also carry tougher penalties for trafficking and possession.[103] In Ireland, temazepam and flunitrazepam are both Schedule 3 drugs under the Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations, (1993), while all other benzodiazepines are Schedule 4. Similar laws apply for the trafficking and possession of temazepam in Australia and Asia. In the United States, temazepam is the only benzodiazepine that requires specially-coded prescriptions in some states. In Hong Kong, temazepam and nimetazepam are regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. All other benzodiazepines are regulated under a much less restrictive Schedule category.

 

[Morphinator]

Temazepam (and the other hypnotics also typically have more brutal withdrawal effects associated with them, according to studies):

After discontinuation of temazepam, a rebound effect may occur immediately after abruptly stopping. Temazepam tends to have more side effects than other hypnotic drugs and tolerance to the sedative properties and rebound insomnia after discontinuation occurs after only 3-5 days administration. Tolerance to the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects also develops rapidly during daily administration.

Abrupt withdrawal after long term use from therapeutic doses of temazepam may result in a very severe benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. There are reports in the medical literature of at least six psychotic states developing after abrupt withdrawal from temazepam including delirium after abrupt withdrawal of only 30 mg of temazepam and in another case, auditory hallucinations and visual cognitive disorder developed after abrupt withdrawal from 10 mg of temazepam, 5 mg of nitrazepam and 0.5 mg of triazolam. Gradual and careful reduction of the dosage, preferably with a milder long-acting benzodiazepine such as clonazepam or diazepam, or even a milder short to intermediate acting benzodiazepine such as oxazepam or alprazolam, was recommended to prevent severe withdrawal syndromes from developing. Other strong hypnotic benzodiazepines, whether short, intermediate or long-acting are not recommended. Antipsychotics increase the severity of benzodiazepine withdrawal effects with an increase in the intensity and severity of convulsions. Depersonalisation has also been reported as a benzodiazepine withdrawal effect from temazepam.

Abrupt withdrawal from very high doses is even more likely to cause severe withdrawal effects. Withdrawal from very high doses of temazepam will cause severe hypoperfusion of the whole brain with diffuse slow activity on EEG. After withdrawal, abnormalities in hypofrontal brain wave patterns may persist beyond the withdrawal syndrome suggesting that organic brain damage may occur from chronic high dose abuse of temazepam. Temazepam withdrawal has been well known to cause a sudden and often violent death.

SOURCES:

Hindmarch I (Nov 1977). "A repeated dose comparison of three benzodiazepine derivative (nitrazepam, temazepam and flunitrazepam) on subjective appraisals of sleep and measures of psychomotor performance the morning following night-time medication". Acta Psychiatr Scand 56 (5): 373-81.

Viukari M; Linnoila M, Aalto U (Jan 1978 ). "Efficacy and side effects of flurazepam, temazepam, and nitrazepam as sleeping aids in psychogeriatric patients". Acta Psychiatr Scand 57 (1): 27-35.

Nowakowska E; Chodera A, Cenajek-Musiał D, Szczawińska K (May-Jun 1987). "Differences in the development of tolerance to various benzodiazepines". Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 39 (3): 245-52.

Terao T, Tani Y (1988). "Six cases of psychotic state following normal-dose temazepam withdrawal" (Japanese). J. UOEH 10 (3): 337–40.

Tagashira E, Hiramori T, Urano T, Nakao K, Yanaura S (1981). "Enhancement of drug withdrawal convulsion by combinations of phenobarbital and antipsychotic agents". Jpn. J. Pharmacol 31 (5): 689–99.

Terao T, Yoshimura R, Terao M, Abe K (1992). "Depersonalization following nitrazepam and temazepam withdrawal". Biol. Psychiatry 31 (2): 212–3.

Kitabayashi Y, Ueda H, Narumoto J, et al (2001). "Chronic high-dose temazepam dependence 123I-IMP SPECT and EEG studies". Addict Biol 6 (3): 257–261.

 

[Morphinator]

In Sweden, temazepam is available in 10-20 mg capsules and tablets but are rarely prescribed. The most commonly prescribed hypnotics in Sweden are zopiclone, nitrazepam, and flunitrazepam. Temazepam is only prescribed if for any reason the three above hypnotics fail to work. As such, temazepam is second line treatment for severe insomnia where the other hypnotics have failed.

So its safe to conclude that the hypnotic benzos are WAYYYY better than the rest of the others.

 

[Ham-milton]

Isn't there a methylated version of nitrazepam that's supposed to be wonderful

 

[Morphinator]

Isn't there a methylated version of nitrazepam that's supposed to be wonderful

Do you mean NIMETAZEPAM?

Well, the British study did not incorporate nimetazepam in their study of toxicity levels of benzos, but they speculated that nimetazepam's toxicity profile was similar to temazepam's (which was said to be the most toxic).

Also, nimetazepam is the main benzo of abuse in south-east asia. In Hong Kong, nimetazepam and temazepam are placed in Schedule I (the strictest schedule category). All other benzos (even flunitrazepam) are placed in a much less strict schedule category.


These are the top 5 most abused benzos worldwide, according to this:

Despite the much more stringent restrictions put on temazepam compared to most other benzodiazepines, temazepam remains to be the most sought after and abused benzodiazepine worldwide with more kilograms of diverted temazepam being seized than any other benzodiazepine, followed by flunitrazepam, diazepam, nimetazepam, and then nitrazepam.

Woody GE; Mc Lellan AT O'Brien CP (1979). "Development of psychiatric illness in drug abusers. Possible role of drug preference". The New England journal of medicine 301 (24):

Rasanen I, Neuvonen M, Ojanperä I, Vuori E (2000). "Benzodiazepine findings in blood and urine by gas chromatography and immunoassay". Forensic Sci. Int. 112 (2-3): 191–200.

Australian Institute of Criminology (May 2007). Benzodiazepine use and harms among police detainees in Australia (PDF). Australian Government.

So according to police seizures of diverted benzos worldwide, the top 5 are (in order):

1. temazepam
2. flunitrazepam
3. diazepam
4. nimetazepam
5. nitrazepam

NOTE: 4 out of the 5 are hypnotics.

Also, I truly believe that if nimetazepam wasn't limited to south-east Asia and Japan, it would bulldoze diazepam out of that #3 spot easily and it would likely go through flunitrazepam - but don't know about temazepam (mazzies come with notoriety, a reputation, and a huge fan base worldwide).

 

[BenzoBay]

I'm trying to figure out is this my top:

1. temazepam
2. flunitrazepam
3. diazepam
4. nimetazepam
5. nitrazepam

Wanted or avoided benzos

Dutch

 

[Morphinator]

Well, 4 of them can leave you with permanent brain damage according to another study done at the Karolinska Institute (diazepam is the one that is safe and wont cause brain damage):

Neuropsychological function can be permanently affected by abuse of certain hypnotic benzodiazepines (temazepam, nitrazepam, flunitrazepam, and nimetazepam were found to be particularly toxic), with brain damage similar to alcoholic brain damage, as was shown in a 4– to 6-year follow-up study of hypnotic abusers by Borg and others of the Karolinska Institute. The CT scan abnormalities showed dilatation of the ventricular system. However, unlike alcoholics, hypnotic abusers showed no evidence of widened cortical sulci. The study concluded that, when cerebral disorder is diagnosed in hypnotic benzodiazepine abusers, it is often permanent. An earlier study by Borg et al. found evidence of cerebral disorder in those that exclusively abused hypnotic benzodiazepines, suggesting that cerebral disorder was not the result of other substances of abuse. Anxiolytic benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam, bromazepam and lorazepam were not found to have the same toxic properties of most of the hypnotics.


SOURCES:

Borg S; Bergman H, Engelbrektson K, Vikander B. (1989). "Dependence on sedative-hypnotics: neuropsychological impairment, field dependence and clinical course in a 5-year follow-up study.". British journal of addiction. 84 (5): 547-53.

Borg S; Bergman H, Holm L. (Feb 1980). "Neuropsychological impairment and exclusive abuse of sedatives or hypnotics.". The American journal of psychiatry. 137 (2): 215-7.

 

[BenzoBay]

Well, 4 of them can leave you with permanent brain damage according to another study done at the Karolinska Institute (diazepam is the one that is safe and wont cause brain damage):

I'm glad you said that, because that was less sarcastic then it sounded.
I didn't even notice diazepam there. I'm not sure why they mentioned that compairing to that other shit

-Dutch

 

[adder]

I've got a ridiculously subversive thing to add. Temazepam in Poland is one of the easiest benzodiazepines to get prescribed for anxiety or insomnia. It comes in 10mg tablets exclusively. This was also the first benzodiazepine for me to try at a very young age. During the time when I popped up various benzodiazepines to chill myself, I often had a few of them, say lorazepam, estazolam, and temazepam. That's also the order I would consume them. I would even give out temazepam for free because it did nothing to me unless I took half a packet at once when I developed some tolerance. I have no idea what they are about in these studies. I once overdosed on it but I had little tolerance at the time. I find its effects to be extremely gentle and side effects vastly noticed.

Seriously, it's widely available here, at least it still was a year ago when I stopped buying it because its price is ridiculous and it doesn't go hand in hand with effects, just like lormetazepam.

Note: I haven't noticed estazolam being mentioned in these articles and it's a damn of a hypnotic benzodiazepine. I would see this normal if they hadn't put there other triazolo- derivatives which are hypnotics.

 

[beachsidefl321]

75% alcohol

The powders will mix into solution with grain alcohol (90 - 95% alcohol), so for instance, take a 500ml bottle of grain alcohol, add 5 grams of powder (powder will not mix into solution with other alcohols... don't try) mix solution vigourously, when finished you now have:
10mg per 1 ml of solution"

say you had a bottle containing 75% alcohol instead of 90-95%. what would the equation be then?

 

[BenzoBay]

say you had a bottle containing 75% alcohol instead of 90-95%. what would the equation be then?

Same: Thanks MR MOSS:

"Come on guys it's not brain surgery ...

Based on original quote:
5gram (5000mg) + 500ml = 5000/500 = 10 therefore 10mg per 1ml

For the OP:
5gram (5000mg) + 750ml = 5000/750 = 6.66 therefore 6.66mg per 1ml
1gram (1000mg) + 750ml = 1000/750 = 1.33 therefore 1.33mg per 1ml"

I see no % of alcohol in the equation....maybe I'm missing something??

Sedated

 

[beachsidefl321]

I see no % of alcohol in the equation....maybe I'm missing something??

The powders will mix into solution with grain alcohol (90 - 95% alcohol)

yes, you are missing something

 

[Ham-milton]

as long as you've got it all dissolved, it doesn't matter what % the alcohol is.

 

[BenzoBay]

Thanks.....me and beach had different theories on it.......I was right


Beach

Dutch

 

[beachsidefl321]

well then I guess i stand corrected.

does anyone know how much powder (assuming it is pure alpraz) can be dissolved in a 750ml bottle containing 75.5% alcohol?

 

[BenzoBay]

All of it.....I don't really understand the question. But how ever much you want to put on it, it will disolve.....just depends on the amount of powder used and how much heat.

-Dutch

 

[beachsidefl321]

so you're saying 20 grams of pure alpraz will dissolve in a 750ml bottle containing 75% alcohol...